Topic Overview

INTERNATIONAL HEALTH

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Introduction to international health

Definition

• International health refers to health problems, issues, and efforts that transcend national boundaries and require global cooperation.

Scope

• Covers:

  • Disease control across countries

  • Health promotion globally

  • Emergency response

  • International health regulations

• Involves:

  • Governments

  • International agencies

  • NGOs

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Need for international health

• Health problems are not confined to one country.

• Due to:

  • Globalization

  • Travel and migration

  • Trade and communication

• Requires:

  • Collective global action

  • Resource sharing

  • Policy coordination

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Global health problems

• Communicable diseases (e.g., pandemics)

• Non-communicable diseases

• Malnutrition

• Maternal and child health issues

• Environmental hazards

• Refugee and migrant health issues

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International cooperation

• Collaboration between:

  • Countries

  • International organizations

• Ensures:

  • Disease control

  • Resource mobilization

  • Knowledge sharing

  • Standardization of health practices

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Why health issues cross national boundaries

• Increased international travel

• Migration and displacement

• Global trade

• Climate change

• Spread of infectious diseases

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Role of countries and international agencies

• Countries:

  • Implement health programmes

  • Provide data and surveillance

• International agencies:

  • Provide technical support

  • Coordinate global efforts

  • Set standards

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Importance of global collaboration

• Prevents spread of diseases

• Improves health outcomes

• Ensures equitable distribution of resources

• Strengthens global health security

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Communicable diseases

• Easily spread across borders

• Example:

  • COVID-19

  • Influenza

  • Tuberculosis

Pandemics

• Global outbreaks affecting multiple countries

• Require:

  • International surveillance

  • Coordinated response

Nutrition

• Global issue of:

  • Undernutrition

  • Overnutrition

• Requires international programs

Maternal and child health

• High burden in developing countries

• Needs global support and interventions

Environmental health

• Air pollution

• Water contamination

• Climate change

Refugee health

• Displaced populations face:

  • Poor living conditions

  • Limited access to health care

International travel and disease spread

• Rapid spread of infections through:

  • Air travel

  • Tourism

  • Trade

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Very important table: International health vs national health

Feature	International health	National health
Scope	Global	Within one country
Focus	Cross-border issues	Country-specific issues
Agencies involved	WHO, UNICEF, global bodies	National government
Approach	Collaborative	Independent
Examples	Pandemics, global nutrition	Local disease control

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Table: Major areas of international health

Area	Examples
Communicable diseases	TB, HIV, pandemics
Non-communicable diseases	Diabetes, hypertension
Nutrition	Malnutrition, obesity
Maternal and child health	MMR, IMR
Environmental health	Pollution, climate change
Refugee health	Displacement, camps

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Flowchart: Global determinants → health problems → international response

• Global factors (travel, trade, climate change)
  ↓

• Health problems (pandemics, malnutrition, pollution)
  ↓

• International response (WHO, global programs, cooperation)

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Figure: Scope of international health

• Disease control

• Health promotion

• Environmental health

• Emergency response

• Policy and regulation

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World Health Organization (WHO)

Definition and background

• WHO is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health.

Establishment

• Established in 1948.

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Objectives

• Main objective:

  • Attainment of the highest possible level of health by all people

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Principles

• Health is a fundamental human right

• Governments are responsible for the health of their people

• International cooperation is essential

• Health includes:

  • Physical

  • Mental

  • Social well-being

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Structure

World Health Assembly (WHA)

• Supreme decision-making body

• Composed of representatives of all member states

Executive Board

• Implements decisions of WHA

• Provides advice and guidance

Secretariat

• Administrative and technical body

• Headed by Director-General

Regional offices

• WHO has 6 regional offices

• Address region-specific health issues

Country offices

• Support implementation at national level

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Functions

• Leadership in global health matters

• Setting standards and guidelines

• Disease control and prevention

• Technical cooperation with countries

• Monitoring global health trends

• Supporting research

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Role in member countries

• Provides:

  • Technical assistance

  • Policy guidance

  • Training and capacity building

• Supports:

  • National health programmes

  • Disease control efforts

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History and need for WHO

• Created to:

  • Address global health challenges

  • Coordinate international efforts

• Important for:

  • Pandemic response

  • Standardization of practices

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Constitutional objective

• Achieve highest level of health for all people

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Broad functions and activities

• Health promotion

• Disease prevention

• Emergency response

• Research support

• Standard setting

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Technical cooperation

• Provides expertise and support to countries

• Helps in:

  • Programme implementation

  • Capacity building

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Very important table: WHO objectives, structure, and functions

Aspect	Details
Objective	Highest possible level of health for all
Structure	WHA, Executive Board, Secretariat, Regional and Country offices
Functions	Leadership, standard setting, disease control, research, monitoring

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Table: World Health Assembly vs Executive Board vs Secretariat

Body	Role
World Health Assembly	Policy making and decision making
Executive Board	Implementation and advisory role
Secretariat	Administration and technical work

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Table: Major functions of WHO

Function	Description
Leadership	Direct global health initiatives
Standard setting	Develop guidelines and norms
Disease control	Support prevention and control programmes
Research support	Promote and coordinate research
Monitoring	Track global health trends

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Figure: Organizational structure of WHO

• World Health Assembly
  ↓

• Executive Board
  ↓

• Secretariat (Director-General)
  ↓

• Regional offices
  ↓

• Country offices

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Flowchart: WHO governance system

• Member states
  ↓

• World Health Assembly
  ↓

• Executive Board
  ↓

• Secretariat
  ↓

• Implementation at regional and country level

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Figure: WHO levels from headquarters to regions to countries

• Headquarters (Geneva)

• Regional offices

• Country offices

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WHO activities and programmes

Disease control

• Control of:

  • Communicable diseases

  • Non-communicable diseases

• Includes:

  • Surveillance

  • Outbreak response

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Health promotion

• Promotes:

  • Healthy lifestyle

  • Disease prevention

• Focus areas:

  • Tobacco control

  • Nutrition

  • Physical activity

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Maternal and child health

• Reduces:

  • Maternal mortality

  • Infant mortality

• Supports:

  • Immunization

  • Safe motherhood

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Nutrition

• Addresses:

  • Undernutrition

  • Micronutrient deficiencies

  • Obesity

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Environmental health

• Focus on:

  • Air quality

  • Water safety

  • Climate change impact

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Emergency response

• Responds to:

  • Epidemics

  • Natural disasters

• Provides:

  • Technical guidance

  • Coordination

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Standard setting

• Develops:

  • Guidelines

  • Protocols

  • International standards

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Major areas of WHO work

• Communicable disease control

• Immunization support

• NCD prevention

• Mental health

• Essential medicines

• Health statistics

• Emergency preparedness

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Communicable disease control

• TB, HIV, malaria control

• Outbreak surveillance

Immunization support

• Supports national immunization programmes

NCD prevention

• Focus on:

  • Diabetes

  • Cardiovascular diseases

  • Cancer

Mental health

• Promotes awareness and care services

Essential medicines

• Develops essential drug lists

Health statistics

• Collects and analyzes global data

International classification systems

• ICD (International Classification of Diseases)

Outbreak response

• Rapid response to epidemics

Primary health care support

• Strengthens PHC systems globally

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Table: Major programme areas of WHO

Programme area	Activities
Disease control	Surveillance, prevention, control
Health promotion	Lifestyle modification, awareness
MCH	Maternal and child health programmes
Nutrition	Address malnutrition
Environmental health	Pollution control, water safety
Emergency response	Disaster and outbreak management

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Table: WHO support functions in public health

Function	Role
Technical support	Guidance and expertise
Capacity building	Training and education
Resource mobilization	Financial and material support
Monitoring	Data collection and analysis

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Table: WHO technical and normative roles

Role	Description
Technical role	Provide expertise and support
Normative role	Set standards and guidelines

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Flowchart: International health problem → WHO guidance → country action

• Global health issue
  ↓

• WHO develops guidelines
  ↓

• Countries adapt and implement
  ↓

• Monitoring and feedback

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Figure: WHO programme domains

• Disease control

• Health promotion

• MCH

• Nutrition

• Environmental health

• Emergency response

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High-yield exam points

International health

• Deals with cross-border health issues

• Requires global cooperation

• Important areas:

  • Communicable diseases

  • Nutrition

  • MCH

  • Environmental health

WHO

• Established in 1948

• Objective: Health for all

• Structure:

  • WHA

  • Executive Board

  • Secretariat

WHO activities

• Disease control

• Health promotion

• Emergency response

• Standard setting

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Short exam-oriented summary

International health

• Focuses on global health problems requiring cooperation between countries.

• Important due to globalization and disease spread.

WHO

• Main international health agency.

• Provides leadership, standards, and technical support.

WHO activities

• Includes disease control, health promotion, and emergency response.

• Supports countries in improving health systems and outcomes.

 

Other international health agencies

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UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund)

• Focus: Child health, survival, development, and protection

• Works in:

  • Immunization

  • Nutrition

  • Education

  • Water and sanitation

  • Emergency child support

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UNFPA (United Nations Population Fund)

• Focus: Reproductive health and population issues

• Key areas:

  • Family planning

  • Maternal health

  • Adolescent health

  • Population data and policy

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World Bank

• Focus: Financial and technical support for health and development

• Provides:

  • Loans and grants

  • Health system strengthening

  • Poverty reduction programmes

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FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization)

• Focus: Food security and nutrition

• Works in:

  • Agriculture development

  • Food safety

  • Nutrition improvement

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ILO (International Labour Organization)

• Focus: Occupational health and labour welfare

• Key roles:

  • Workplace safety

  • Prevention of occupational diseases

  • Labour standards

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UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)

• Focus: Education, science, and culture

• Health-related roles:

  • Health education

  • Research promotion

  • Awareness programmes

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UNDP (United Nations Development Programme)

• Focus: Human development and poverty reduction

• Supports:

  • Health system strengthening

  • Sustainable development

  • Capacity building

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Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement

• Focus: Humanitarian assistance and emergency relief

• Activities:

  • Disaster response

  • Emergency medical care

  • Blood services

  • Refugee support

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Other important agencies

• GAVI (Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization)

• UNAIDS (Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS)

• World Food Programme (WFP)

• International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA – radiation safety)

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Roles of major international organizations in health

• Provide:

  • Technical assistance

  • Financial support

  • Policy guidance

• Work with:

  • Governments

  • NGOs

• Address:

  • Global health problems

  • Development issues

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Collaboration with countries

• Support national programmes

• Provide expertise and training

• Assist in:

  • Programme implementation

  • Monitoring and evaluation

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Specialized areas of work

Child health

• Immunization

• Nutrition

• Growth monitoring

Nutrition

• Food security

• Micronutrient supplementation

Education

• Health education

• Literacy improvement

Population

• Family planning

• Reproductive health

Labour health

• Occupational safety

• Worker welfare

Development assistance

• Financial and technical support

Emergency relief

• Disaster response

• Refugee care

Food security

• Agricultural development

• Nutrition programmes

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Very important table: International agencies and their health-related functions

Agency	Main focus	Key functions
WHO	Global health leadership	Policy, standards, disease control
UNICEF	Child health	Immunization, nutrition, education
UNFPA	Population health	Family planning, maternal health
World Bank	Development finance	Funding health programmes
FAO	Food security	Nutrition, agriculture
ILO	Labour health	Occupational safety
UNESCO	Education	Health education, research
UNDP	Development	Capacity building, poverty reduction
Red Cross	Humanitarian aid	Emergency relief, disaster response

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Table: UNICEF vs WHO vs World Bank vs UNFPA

Agency	Focus	Key role
UNICEF	Children	Child survival and development
WHO	Global health	Policy, standards, disease control
World Bank	Finance	Funding and health system support
UNFPA	Population	Reproductive and maternal health

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Table: Specialized UN agencies related to health

Agency	Area
WHO	Health
UNICEF	Child welfare
FAO	Food and nutrition
ILO	Labour health
UNESCO	Education and research
UNFPA	Population

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Flowchart: International agencies and sectors of work

• International agencies
  ↓

• Health / Nutrition / Education / Population / Labour / Development
  ↓

• Support to countries
  ↓

• Improved health outcomes

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Figure: Multisectoral support system in international health

• Health sector

• Nutrition sector

• Education sector

• Economic sector

• Environmental sector
  → All contribute to overall health improvement

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UNICEF

Background

• Established in 1946

• Initially for post-war child relief

• Now works globally for child development

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Objectives

• Ensure:

  • Child survival

  • Growth and development

  • Protection of child rights

• Reduce:

  • Child mortality

  • Malnutrition

• Promote:

  • Education

  • Safe environment

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Areas of work

• Child health

• Nutrition

• Immunization

• Education

• Water and sanitation

• Emergency support

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Role in child survival and development

• Supports:

  • National health programmes

  • Immunization campaigns

  • Nutrition programmes

• Focus on:

  • Early childhood development

  • Reducing child mortality

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Child-focused international support

• Focus on:

  • Under-five children

  • Adolescents

  • Mothers

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Maternal and child health programmes

• Antenatal care support

• Safe delivery practices

• Postnatal care

• Child health services

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Nutrition and immunization support

• Promotes:

  • Breastfeeding

  • Complementary feeding

• Supports:

  • Immunization programmes

  • Micronutrient supplementation

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Child survival

Key components

• Immunization

• ORT for diarrhea

• Nutrition support

• Infection control

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Growth and development

• Growth monitoring

• Early childhood stimulation

• Developmental support

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Immunization

• Supports universal immunization programmes

• Provides:

  • Vaccines

  • Logistics support

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Breastfeeding promotion

• Encourages:

  • Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months

• Promotes:

  • Continued breastfeeding

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ORT support

• Promotes use of:

  • Oral rehydration solution (ORS)

• Reduces mortality due to diarrhea

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Nutrition

• Addresses:

  • Protein-energy malnutrition

  • Micronutrient deficiencies

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Education

• Promotes:

  • Primary education

  • Girl child education

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Water and sanitation

• Ensures:

  • Safe drinking water

  • Proper sanitation

• Prevents:

  • Water-borne diseases

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Emergency support for children

• Provides:

  • Food

  • Shelter

  • Medical care

• Focus on:

  • Children in disasters and conflict

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Very important table: UNICEF objectives and activities

Objective	Activities
Child survival	Immunization, ORT, nutrition
Growth and development	Growth monitoring, early stimulation
Nutrition	Breastfeeding, supplementation
Education	Primary education, awareness
Water and sanitation	Safe water, hygiene
Emergency support	Relief for affected children

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Table: Key child health areas supported by UNICEF

Area	Activities
Immunization	Vaccine support and logistics
Nutrition	Breastfeeding, supplementation
Diarrhea control	ORS promotion
MCH	Maternal and child care support
WASH	Water, sanitation, hygiene

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Flowchart: UNICEF support in child health

• Child health problems
  ↓

• UNICEF support (immunization, nutrition, ORS, education)
  ↓

• Improved child survival and development

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Figure: Child survival package concept

• Immunization

• ORT

• Breastfeeding

• Nutrition

• Infection control

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High-yield exam points

International agencies

• Multiple agencies work together in global health.

• Each has specialized roles:

  • WHO → policy

  • UNICEF → child health

  • World Bank → funding

  • UNFPA → population health

UNICEF

• Established in 1946

• Focus: child survival and development

• Key interventions:

  • Immunization

  • ORS

  • Breastfeeding

  • Nutrition

  • WASH

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Short exam-oriented summary

Other international agencies

• Provide technical, financial, and humanitarian support.

• Work in coordination with countries to improve health.

UNICEF

• Focuses on child health, nutrition, education, and survival.

• Plays a major role in reducing child mortality and improving development.

 

 

International Health Regulations (IHR) and disease surveillance

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Need for international regulations

• Prevent international spread of diseases

• Ensure global health security

• Provide standardized guidelines for countries

• Enable early detection and response

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International reporting

• Mandatory reporting of:

  • Outbreaks

  • Unusual health events

• Done through:

  • National focal points

  • International agencies (e.g., WHO)

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Public health emergency concepts

• Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC):

  • Serious event

  • Risk of international spread

  • Requires coordinated global response

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Global surveillance and response

• Continuous monitoring of diseases worldwide

• Includes:

  • Detection

  • Reporting

  • Verification

  • Response

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Importance of cross-border disease notification

• Prevents:

  • Spread of infectious diseases

• Enables:

  • Timely response

  • International coordination

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Prevention of international spread

• Early detection

• Rapid response

• Travel restrictions if needed

• Quarantine measures

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Coordination during outbreaks

• Countries share:

  • Data

  • Resources

• International agencies provide:

  • Technical support

  • Guidance

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Surveillance

• Continuous collection and analysis of health data

• Helps in:

  • Early detection

  • Monitoring trends

Early detection

• Identification of outbreaks at earliest stage

• Reduces spread and severity

Notification

• Reporting to national and international authorities

Response measures

• Isolation

• Treatment

• Vaccination

• Public health interventions

Travel-related health control

• Screening at:

  • Airports

  • Seaports

• Health declarations

• Vaccination requirements

Quarantine concept

• Restriction of movement of exposed individuals

• Prevents disease spread

Public health emergency of international concern

• Declared for:

  • Major global threats

• Requires:

  • International coordination

  • Urgent action

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Very important table: Aims of International Health Regulations

Aim	Description
Prevent spread	Control international disease transmission
Early detection	Identify outbreaks quickly
Notification	Timely reporting to global authorities
Response	Rapid control measures
Coordination	Global cooperation

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Table: Key components of international disease surveillance

Component	Function
Surveillance	Data collection and analysis
Detection	Early identification of cases
Notification	Reporting to authorities
Verification	Confirming outbreaks
Response	Control measures

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Table: International spread control measures

Measure	Purpose
Screening	Identify infected travelers
Quarantine	Restrict movement
Isolation	Separate infected individuals
Vaccination	Prevent disease
Travel restrictions	Limit spread

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Flowchart: Detection → notification → international response

• Detection of case/outbreak
  ↓

• Notification to authorities
  ↓

• International reporting
  ↓

• Coordinated response
  ↓

• Control and prevention

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Figure: Global surveillance-response loop

• Surveillance → Detection → Reporting → Response → Feedback → Improved surveillance

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International health statistics and indicators

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Need for international statistics

• Compare health status across countries

• Monitor global trends

• Evaluate programmes

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Standardization

• Use of uniform definitions and methods

• Ensures:

  • Accuracy

  • Reliability

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Comparability

• Enables comparison between:

  • Countries

  • Regions

  • Time periods

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Uses in policy and planning

• Identify health priorities

• Allocate resources

• Monitor progress

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Collection and comparison of health data

• Data collected through:

  • Surveys

  • Surveillance systems

  • Registries

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International classification systems

• Standard systems for disease classification

• Example:

  • ICD (International Classification of Diseases)

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Monitoring global targets

• Track progress towards:

  • SDGs

  • Global health goals

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Mortality indicators

• Crude death rate

• Infant mortality rate

• Maternal mortality ratio

Morbidity indicators

• Incidence rate

• Prevalence rate

Maternal and child health indicators

• IMR

• U5MR

• MMR

Life expectancy

• Average expected lifespan

Disease burden

• Measured using:

  • DALYs (Disability Adjusted Life Years)

Standard disease classification

• ICD system ensures uniform reporting

Use in programme evaluation

• Assess effectiveness

• Identify gaps

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Table: Internationally used health indicators

Indicator type	Examples
Mortality	CDR, IMR, MMR
Morbidity	Incidence, prevalence
MCH	IMR, U5MR
Life expectancy	Average lifespan
Disease burden	DALYs

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Table: Uses of standard health statistics

Use	Purpose
Comparison	Between countries
Monitoring	Trends over time
Planning	Resource allocation
Evaluation	Programme effectiveness

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Table: Examples of global health indicators

Indicator	Importance
IMR	Child health status
MMR	Maternal health
Life expectancy	Overall health
DALYs	Disease burden
Incidence rate	Disease occurrence

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Flowchart: Data collection → standardization → comparison → action

• Data collection
  ↓

• Standardization
  ↓

• Comparison
  ↓

• Policy and action

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International cooperation in health programmes

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Technical cooperation

• Sharing of:

  • Knowledge

  • Expertise

• Includes:

  • Guidelines

  • Training

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Financial assistance

• Funding from:

  • International agencies

  • Donor organizations

• Supports:

  • Health programmes

  • Infrastructure

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Capacity building

• Strengthening:

  • Health systems

  • Workforce

• Includes:

  • Training

  • Skill development

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Emergency assistance

• Rapid support during:

  • Disasters

  • Epidemics

• Includes:

  • Medical supplies

  • Personnel

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Research collaboration

• Joint research projects

• Data sharing

• Innovation in health

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How countries work together

• Through:

  • Agreements

  • Partnerships

• Share:

  • Data

  • Resources

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Role of donor and technical agencies

• Provide:

  • Funds

  • Technical expertise

• Support implementation of programmes

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Benefits of global partnerships

• Improved health outcomes

• Efficient resource use

• Faster response to emergencies

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Vaccination campaigns

• Global initiatives:

  • Polio eradication

  • Measles control

Disease eradication/elimination programmes

• Smallpox eradication

• Polio eradication efforts

Nutrition support

• Food programmes

• Micronutrient supplementation

Disaster response

• Emergency relief

• Rehabilitation support

Capacity building

• Training health workers

• Strengthening systems

Training

• Skill development programmes

Research and surveillance networks

• Global disease monitoring

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Table: Forms of international health cooperation

Type	Description
Technical	Expertise and guidance
Financial	Funding and resources
Emergency	Rapid response support
Research	Collaboration in studies

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Table: Technical vs financial vs emergency assistance

Type	Features
Technical	Guidelines, training
Financial	Funding support
Emergency	Immediate relief

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Table: Examples of joint international health actions

Programme	Activity
Polio eradication	Vaccination campaigns
HIV control	Global initiatives
Nutrition programmes	Supplementation
Disaster relief	Emergency response

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Flowchart: International agency support → national programme implementation

• International agency support
  ↓

• National planning
  ↓

• Programme implementation
  ↓

• Monitoring and evaluation

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Figure: Partnership model in global health

• International agencies

• Governments

• NGOs

• Community
  → Collaborative approach

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Millennium / SDG-related international health perspective

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Global development goals and health

• Health is central to development

• Linked with:

  • Poverty

  • Education

  • Environment

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Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) relevant to health

• SDG 3: Good health and well-being

• Also linked with:

  • SDG 1 (poverty)

  • SDG 2 (nutrition)

  • SDG 4 (education)

  • SDG 5 (gender equality)

  • SDG 6 (water and sanitation)

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Intersectoral approach

• Health depends on multiple sectors:

  • Education

  • Nutrition

  • Environment

  • Economy

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Link between development and health

• Better development → better health

• Poor health → reduced productivity

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Global targets in health

• Reduce:

  • Maternal mortality

  • Child mortality

  • Disease burden

• Improve:

  • Universal health coverage

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Broader determinants of health

• Social

• Economic

• Environmental factors

---

Poverty

• Leads to poor health outcomes

Nutrition

• Essential for growth and development

Education

• Improves health awareness

Gender

• Gender equality improves health access

Water and sanitation

• Prevents diseases

Maternal health

• Safe pregnancy and childbirth

Child health

• Survival and development

Infectious diseases

• TB, HIV, malaria control

NCDs

• Prevention and control

Universal health coverage

• Access to essential health services

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Very important table: SDG goals related to health

SDG	Relevance to health
SDG 3	Good health and well-being
SDG 1	Poverty reduction
SDG 2	Nutrition
SDG 4	Education
SDG 5	Gender equality
SDG 6	Water and sanitation

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Table: Health and development linkages

Factor	Health impact
Poverty	Poor health outcomes
Education	Better health awareness
Nutrition	Improved growth
Environment	Reduced disease
Gender equality	Improved access to care

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Table: Global targets and programme focus areas

Area	Target
Maternal health	Reduce MMR
Child health	Reduce IMR/U5MR
Infectious diseases	Control TB, HIV
NCDs	Reduce morbidity
UHC	Universal access

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Flowchart: Social determinants → health outcomes → development goals

• Social determinants (poverty, education, environment)
  ↓

• Health outcomes
  ↓

• Achievement of development goals

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Figure: SDG-health linkage model

• Social factors → Health → Development

• Interconnected system

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High-yield exam points

IHR

• Ensures:

  • Early detection

  • Notification

  • Global response

• Important concept: PHEIC

Health statistics

• Standardization ensures comparability

• Indicators:

  • IMR, MMR, DALYs

International cooperation

• Includes:

  • Technical

  • Financial

  • Emergency support

SDGs

• SDG 3 is main health goal

• Health linked with multiple sectors

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Short exam-oriented summary

IHR and surveillance

• Focus on preventing international spread of disease.

• Includes detection, notification, and coordinated response.

Health statistics

• Used for comparison, planning, and evaluation globally.

Cooperation

• Countries collaborate through technical, financial, and emergency support.

SDGs

• Health is central to development.

• Achieved through intersectoral approach and global collaboration.